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Frequently Asked Questions - Standardized Tests
The College Board's SAT Reasoning test
No. This is a persistent rumor among many parents and students, but it is completely false. There is no way to "game" the SAT by avoiding a particular test date. You should choose a test date based on your own readiness. You should not worry about who else might be taking the test with you.
The rumor depends on the assumption that SAT scores are calculated by "curving" the results of each test in a simple way that doesn't take into account possible differences in the abilities of test takers from test date to test date. The actual process that ETS uses, however, is much more elaborate and takes into account the fact that both the difficulty of the test and the skill level of those taking it may differ between any two tests.
The method used is known as a "common-item nonequivalent group design." That basically means that the new group of test takers is linked to a reference group by comparing how they do on items that both groups take. That's one of the purposes of the unscored equating section.
If you're insatiably curious as to the details of how this works, you can find a non-mathematical introduction to test equating on the ETS website, although it does presume some knowledge of statistics. If you already have a good grasp of statistics, and want the mathematical details, see Kolen and Brennan (2004) Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking, 2nd ed. Springer.
Some students take the SAT in 7th or 8th grade in order to apply for certain talent-identification programs. If you take the SAT this early, however, you will need to retake the test in high school, even if you do very well, as colleges expect a relatively recent score to indicate how good a student you are now.
It depends what you mean by preparation. It's never too early to build fundamental academic skills. Reading a large number of books is the best way to get a head start on learning vocabulary and critical reading. Very young students will not benefit much from memorizing vocabulary lists, however, or from drills with actual SAT questions. Unless you need to take the test early for a scholarship program, wait at least until you have completed Algebra-I and Geometry.
The notion of I.Q. is rather vague, and many experts dispute the idea that intelligence is a single thing. They believe that there are multiple forms of intelligence. But even if there is such a thing as general intelligence, the SAT does not measure it directly. The mathematics sections measure proficiency in applying basic mathematical concepts up to algebra and geometry. The critical reading sections measure reading comprehension skills and knowledge of English vocabulary. The writing sections measure your ability to write a short, impromptu essay on a general topic and to correct someone else's writing to the standards of formal written English. All of these are learned skills, not some inherent intelligence.
Perhaps. But then again perhaps not. Because the SAT doesn't directly test the subjects you study in school, some students under-perform on the SAT because they are unfamiliar with the format and particular question types that appear on the test. The combination of an excellent GPA and mediocre SAT scores can be a red flag for admissions officers, who may suspect that your school is not as rigorous in its grading as it should be.
It's often to your advantage to guess. The quarter point deduction for multiple-choice questions adjusts for the chance that you may randomly guess the correct answer to a problem. So random guessing is unlikely to raise or lower your score significantly. In other words, random guessing usually has the same effect as leaving the question blank.
However, if you can eliminate any answer choices because you are confident that they are wrong, you should guess from the remaining choices. Each eliminated answer choice increases chances you will get the right answer. In non-random guessing, you will, on average, gain more points for correct guesses than you will lose for incorrect ones.
The SAT Reasoning Test (formerly called the SAT-I) is designed to test your general math, verbal and writing abilities. The SAT Subject Tests (formerly called the SAT-II) test your knowledge of specific academic subjects such as math, chemistry, biology, history, and foreign languages. The SAT Subject math tests cover more advanced topics than appear on the SAT Reasoning Test. The SAT and subject tests are usually offered on the same day, but you cannot take both at the same time. The SAT is a four-hour test. The subject tests are each one hour long, and you may take as many as three on any one test date.
Not all subject tests are offered every test date, and they are not offered at all in March/April. Check the schedule carefully when planning the tests you will take.
PSAT stands for Preliminary SAT. It is designed to familiarize you with the kinds of questions you will see on the SAT, to suggest how you may do on the real SAT, and to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship. Most sections of the PSAT contain the same types of questions you will see on the SAT, although test is shorter and the questions a little easier, on average.
The PSAT is given to sophomores and juniors, but only juniors are eligible for the National Merit Scholarship. Your PSAT scores are reported to your high school. They are not sent to any colleges to which you apply.
No. Each score from each time you take the SAT will be reported separately.
Although this procedure seems fairly obvious, the rumor about averaging persists. Its probable source is a misunderstanding about the notion of a "true score," which the College Board mentions in some of its material. Your true score is a hypothetical number that represents the score you would get if there were no measurement error. In other words, if a test could perfectly measure your ability, it would give a true score. A little thought, however, will show that this is never possible.
Imagine, for example, that I want to test your overall vocabulary knowledge. I could not realistically test you on every word in even a fairly short dictionary (you thought four hours for the SAT was bad!), so I would need to pick a subset of words to test. If I'm careful, I can pick a representative subset, but as soon as I do so, chance factors come in to play. You may, by sheer luck, have learned a word on the test that most people find obscure. If your knowledge of other, equally obscure words is not so good, your score on this test will slightly overstate your true ability. Similarly, the test may expose a gap in your knowledge that doesn't reflect your general competence in other areas. Your score, then, might understate your true ability.
The upshot is that the observed score on this or any other test won't necessarily match your true score. If the test is well designed and has no systematic biases, we can infer your true score by taking the average of many observed scores, since the measurement errors will tend to cancel each other out.
So if you take the SAT many times (and do no studying between retakes so your underlying ability doesn't change), the average of all your scores would approximate your true score. But all of this is only of theoretical interest. Colleges only look at your observed scores. They do not attempt to calculate a true score by averaging. (Even if they were so inclined, you would need significantly more than three data points to get a good approximation of a true score.)
Some schools, Stanford and Princeton, for example, do allow you to combine the highest score from one subject with a score from another subject on different test when you report your scores on the college application. For example, if you receive a 650 Math, 600 Critical Reading, 650 Writing in one sitting, and a 550 Math, 700 Critical Reading, 600 Writing in another sitting, you would report scores of 650 Math, 700 Critical Reading, 650 Writing. Not all colleges follow this practice, so check your admissions material carefully. Whether a school allows combined scores or not, this combination only applies to the self-reported scores you enter in your application. The official test report that the College Board sends directly to colleges will include all scores from every time you took the test.
There is no limit to the number of times you can take the SAT, but students who take the SAT many times often find their scores do not improve significantly with each retake. If you have already taken the SAT several times, it may make sense to retake it if you have been studying hard and improving your basic skills. If you are simply hoping to get lucky and raise your score a little, you're probably wasting your time and money.
Nothing at all. When the forerunner to today's test was first given in 1901, it was named the "Scholastic Achievement Test" and looked very different from today's test. It was renamed the "Scholastic Aptitude Test" in 1941 to reflect the idea that the test measured a student's innate ability to do academic work, independent of the quality of the student's schooling. But since you can improve your score by studying, it was questionable that the test ever really measured aptitude. In 1990, the College Board conceded the point by renaming the test the "Scholastic Assessment Test." But this name is redundant, since an assessment is a test, so in 1994, the College Board declared that "SAT" was just the name of the test and had no particular meaning. In other words, the name "SAT" was kept because it is a familiar brand, but the College Board has distanced itself from the notion that the test measures aptitude.
It's often to your advantage to guess. The quarter point deduction for multiple-choice questions adjusts for the chance that you may randomly guess the correct answer to a problem. So random guessing is unlikely to raise or lower your score significantly. In other words, random guessing usually has the same effect as leaving the question blank.
However, if you can eliminate any answer choices because you are confident that they are wrong, you should guess from the remaining choices. Each eliminated answer choice increases chances you will get the right answer. In non-random guessing, you will, on average, gain more points for correct guesses than you will lose for incorrect ones.
PSAT stands for Preliminary SAT. It is designed to familiarize you with the kinds of questions you will see on the SAT, to suggest how you may do on the real SAT, and to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship. Most sections of the PSAT contain the same types of questions you will see on the SAT, although test is shorter and the questions a little easier, on average.
The PSAT is given to sophomores and juniors, but only juniors are eligible for the National Merit Scholarship. Your PSAT scores are reported to your high school. They are not sent to any colleges to which you apply.
Subject Test
It's often to your advantage to guess. The quarter point deduction for multiple-choice questions adjusts for the chance that you may randomly guess the correct answer to a problem. So random guessing is unlikely to raise or lower your score significantly. In other words, random guessing usually has the same effect as leaving the question blank.
However, if you can eliminate any answer choices because you are confident that they are wrong, you should guess from the remaining choices. Each eliminated answer choice increases chances you will get the right answer. In non-random guessing, you will, on average, gain more points for correct guesses than you will lose for incorrect ones.
The SAT Reasoning Test (formerly called the SAT-I) is designed to test your general math, verbal and writing abilities. The SAT Subject Tests (formerly called the SAT-II) test your knowledge of specific academic subjects such as math, chemistry, biology, history, and foreign languages. The SAT Subject math tests cover more advanced topics than appear on the SAT Reasoning Test. The SAT and subject tests are usually offered on the same day, but you cannot take both at the same time. The SAT is a four-hour test. The subject tests are each one hour long, and you may take as many as three on any one test date.
Not all subject tests are offered every test date, and they are not offered at all in March/April. Check the schedule carefully when planning the tests you will take.
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